Examples of Software Crisis

Examples of Software Crisis Software Crysis What was it? The software crisis which happened during the 1960s, 1970s and the 1980s, happened because of companies were discovering the potential of the computer softwares over the manual systems. This lead to companies demanding more and more from the programmers which for a programmer working alone was a bit impossible to cater alone. For instance as the programmer which was working on the the software could not coop with all the demands of the customer in time lead for the delivery of the software to be late of the date settled. As there was not enough planning lead to over budget from that stipulated in the beginning of the contract. Most of the times the software produced by the programmer didnt reach the specification and the functionality requested by the customer apart from that the programmer would give a sheet full of the bugs in the software which was accepted by the customer at the time as said by Booch it was â€Å"a malady that has carried on this long must be  called normal.â €  i.e. it was acceptable that softwares bought by the customer were of a low standard. Apart from that the software was accompanied by a poor documentation. But there was a time when the customer saw that instead of profit they were spending money on software which the manual technique was more profitable as it didnt cost as the software and more efficient. The production of low standard software lead to damage of property and there was even casualties because of incompetence of the software produced. As stated by oppapers.com â€Å"the software crisis was at first defined in terms of productivity but evolved to emphasize quality†.By damage of property is meant that the programme would have built the software with poor security which hackers could have breached easily implying that valuable data could have been stolen from the softwares database easily. When referring to casualties it is meant that there were embedded systems in machines like for example radiotherapy mach ines which gave lethal doses of radioactive material, this could have been avoided by more testing to ensure that the system worked correctly. What caused it? It was firstly caused because of the lack of programmers working together therefore a lot of work was concentrated on one programmer which would have to concentrate on many aspects of the software therefore there is a good probability of forgetting something which will bring out a software with bad specs when they tried to counter it by hiring more programmers still it failed as the same problem still persisted because the programmers didnt know how to work in a team. Programmers didnt ask the customer what did they need of the software therefore the programmer would create a program with bad specs which would lead in more maintenance after the software would be created so that the software would be as the customer needs it. The programmer didnt interact with the customer unlike nowadays were they try to go in the customers head to produce the software with the most desired specs to work efficiently and effectively in its field. The complexity of the tailored software which had to be produced was increasing which on its own would need time to solve in an efficient way in a programming language but the user always wanted to pay as least as possible and demanded that the software had to be done shortly which would have brought about requirements conflicts, as to produce a complex system takes time, but the user didnt give the time, if a software wasnt given a low budget meant that the system must not be that complex as the payment is low. Therefore in the end the system requirements were never reached which brought about discomfort in the user which started to see that he computerized system was more as a nuisance than a help. According to sa-depot.com another cause might have been â€Å"failure to manage risk† which in the same site it is stated that the waterfall life cycle will delay problem identification this is because as it can be seen in the picture on the right verification that the software is working correctly only happens before implementation there is no parallel testing in the making of the software which would lead in more maintenance after the implementation of the software. Another cause mentioned on sa-depot.com is â€Å"legacy systems must be maintained, but the original developers are gone†this implies that no good documentation was made so that other programmers can get the hang of the structure of the tailored software. Inadequate teaching of software engineering might have been another cause which would result in more maintenance and not reaching the deadline because of tasks which had to be redone to be made as they were supposed to be done which implied less productivity and wasting of precious time. Example: The production of the os/360 system is a good example of the software crisis. The os/360 was to be produced with the system/ 360 mainframe. Its production started in the 1960 and was planned that by 1966 would be produced. The software was the biggest and most complex having over million lines of code and with an initial investiment of 125 million. In Spring 1964 the development task got underway. There were about 70 programmers working on the project but later it was calculated that schedules were slipping therefore they hired more programmers increasing from 60 to 150. But as they increased the number of programmers the less was their standard. Although there was a sudden increase in the number of programmers working on the software, still they estimated thet the development was running late by aproximatley 6 months. Further more a test run was made on the system and was found that the system was very slow which implied that there had to be more reprogramming of already done work w hich meant more delay in the progress of work. By the end of 1965 it was found out that there were fundamental flaws and thereappeared no easy way to arrange them. There was rescheduling in the development plan and it was announced that the software was running 9 months late. At the peak of the system development there was employeed a stuff of 1000 people. Finally by mid 1967 the system was produced a year late of the initial date stipulated and the IBM went with a loss of aproximatley half a billion. This is a good example of the software crisis when there is a lot of complexity in the system for a number of programmers to produce and when hiring programmers which have a low skill in programming which resulted in a late production of the system and an over budget expenditure which is a loss for the company producing it. Persistence: According to accglobal.com †software crisis persists. Software is still difficult to develop and often fails to meet user expectations† and zappa.ubvu.vu.nl gives a reason why â€Å"the software crisis persists because ISs remain as complex and rigid as before to the people who have to maintain them†. Although programmers nowadays work in teams and every body creates part of the software and no programmer works individually. Nowadays system Analysts are hired to serve as a translator between the programmer and the user which needs a tailor made software so that the analyst can tell the programmer what the user wants by the means of diagrams and structural tools. But still softwares are produced over budget and go over the dead line and there os still a lot of maintenance going on on the system after it is delivered i.e. patches and fixes because bugs were found in the system or there is a malfunction in a feature or even the software stops responding. Structure theorem: The structured theorm technique was firstly introduced by Bohm and Jacopini of Italy in 1964 and it was later updated by Dijkstra,Jackson, Yourdon, and wirth and was re-named to the structure analysis. Basically the theorem proofs that every computable function can be derived using only 3 techniques used together or on their own. These are the sequence ,selection and iteration. Sequence means that the code of the program is read line by line always i.e line 1 is read before line 2 is read etc. e.g.: Selection means that there is the use of a choice for instance if A>B then A is printed out or if B>A then be would be printed out on the screen. The use of Boolean I,e. true or false. This technique sometimes is referred to as the if/then/else function (if A>B ,then print A, else print B).Another use of the selections statement is the case statement were the computer is give some cases which he would compare them with the result, when the result is matched with one of the cases it processes the lines of code related with that particular case are processed. The iteration is when the computer has to compute the same thing for a specified number of times i.e. a loop. Figure 5: the iteration taken from http://www.waycross.edu/Faculty/ckikuchi/COMP1301/StructureTheorem.htThe structured theorem brought about the use of the modular design. the use of modules in programming which means that a program is divided into different modules which then are joined to produce the final product. A module contains functions which are related together for example like the GUI of a program. Gane and Sarson. The Gane and Sarson technique was invented by Chrise Gane and Trisk Sarson in the late 1970s, it is called a DFD(data flow diagram) that is a logical diagram is built using a y person a graphical models so that a clear picture of the whole users in an easy way. The diagrams used in the Gane and Sarson are 4: External entity which indicates data entering the systems or data coming out of the system. This is represented by a Rectangle. A data flow which means when data is flowing form one part to another, this is represented by an arrow, the tip means to where the data is flowing. The Data Store, means when there is needed that a data which has to be saved, it is represented by a rectangle with the left side without an edge. The process, this means when there is a process that will change the form of the data flowing in the system, this is represented by a rectangle which instead of corners it has arcs. The Gane and Sarson is good because you dont need to be an IT professional to use it as it can be easily understood by the users which want a system done and it people which are working on the same project can have a clear view what is needed from the system and there is no ambiguity as there is in the languages. In difference than the Yourdon/demarco the gane/sarson diagram doesnt divide the structure into levels so you are looking at the whole system in one page on the other hand in the Yourdon/Demarco devides the structure into different levels with every level u increase the detail of each process.

Place Of Woman In A Society

There are two main pillars of human life-man and woman. Both share equal responsibility in the making of society and hence both are supplement to each other. But from the very beginning, there has been a big question mark on the status of women in our society. All talk of their role and responsibility but none care for their position. They have been exploited and ill-treated right from the beginning of the creation. But the reality is something else. Women have been put behind walls from ages. Sati Pratha is the bitter truth which shows to what extent our women folk have been exploited.Child marriage and a contemptuous attitude towards the widows are other examples of woman-exploitation. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first who raised voice against these unhealthy systems prevalent in Indian society. He took up the cause of the women and worked hard to abolish ‘Sati Pratha. ‘ It was due to his courageous work that Indian women dared to come out of Purdah. They got education w hich provided them opportunities to develop themselves at all levels. And in due course they surpassed the men. Today we see women in every field. They are marching shoulder to shoulder in every walk of life.Apart from teaching school children, women are now pilots, receptionists, police officers, doctors, engineers etc. The elevation in the status of the women sometimes creates confusion among us that Sita and Draupadi have born in the The previous condition was due to the lack of education but now the spread of education among women has same country. completely changed the scenario. They are occupying key positions in almost every field of society. Our country is progressing in this way no doubt. But sometimes it appears that over ­exposure of women is a suicidal attack for our future.On the one hand we are not still ready to forget the image of Sita and Savitri and on the other we are tempted to watch the over ­exposed movies on TV screen with the little kids of our family. O ur modern progressive girls are imitating the fashion very fast which is still not acceptable in our society. As a result it creates a lot of problems and crime for which this over-exposure is responsible. It must not be provocative. We must allow women to stand by themselves but they should also be learnt our culture and civilization. â€Å"The hands that rock the cradle the world. † – Napoleon Bonaparte

Which Contribute to Low Health Expectancy in Developed Countries

Outline the factors which contribute to low health expectancy in developed countries. Identify and assess possible solutions to reduce this problem. Health expectancy is â€Å"the number of years a person can expect to live in good health†. (New Zealand Ministry of Social Development, 2010). It reflects concern about the quality of life. Furthermore, low health expectancy means that people live in poor health which is affected by diseases and disability. Many factors contribute to low health expectancy, including smoking and obesity.Society should pay more attention to solve these problems to increase health expectancy. This essay will outline the factors which lead to low health expectancy, and then discuss the possible solutions to reduce the problem. First of all, it is obviously smoking is a factor leading to low health expectancy which is very common in developed countries. To begin with, smoking prevalence in European countries is 32% which is an extremely high number (W HO, 2012). In addition, there are some diseases caused by smoking is a well-known fact, such as lung disease and stroke.However, people aren’t aware that how serious it is the smoking problem affect to people’s health. In fact, WHO (2008, p. 14) points out â€Å"smoked tobacco in any form causes up to 90% of all lung cancers,† and a dozen different kinds of cancer and chronic disease are caused by smoking. To sum up briefly, smoking has a very serious impact on people’s health and life in developed countries. Then, this problem could be solved by reducing smoking prevalence and improving people’s awareness of the risk of smoking.The solutions will focus on three aspects which are individual, tobacco industry and the government. Firstly, the solution for individual is quit smoking. Quit smoking is the direct effective way for smokers to increase health expectancy. According to WHO (2012), there are three-quarters of smokers want to quit smoking. How ever it is clearly that the number who quit smoking successfully is far below this data, the main reason for the failure is smokers are addicted to nicotine. The nicotine in tobacco is not only causing a variety of diseases but also leading a highly addictive (Hammond, 2009. . Secondly, the solution for the tobacco industry, they could do the appropriate measures such as add health warnings on tobacco packages, health warnings on tobacco packages increase smokers’ awareness of their risk (WHO, 2008, p. 34). But unfortunately, the tobacco industry would not be willing to do it unless the policy requires them to do so. However, the relevant policies in many developed countries are lacking. So if the national laws and regulations force the tobacco industry to do it then the solution would be more effective.Thirdly, the solutions for government, the government should ban on tobacco advertising and raise tobacco taxes. WHO (2008, p. 37) states that if the government ban on tobacco advertising that the tobacco sales will have up to 16% decrease. In addition, increase tobacco taxes could raise the price of tobacco. According to WHO (2008, p. 39) that â€Å"increasing the price of tobacco through higher taxes is the single most effective way to decrease consumption and encourage tobacco users to quit†. In conclusion, the smoking problem will be solved by joint efforts of the whole community.Apart from that, another important factor which decreases people’s health expectancy is obesity. WHO (2012) states that obesity will become a major factor lead to lower health expectancy in the later parts of this century. Moreover, in developed countries obesity is a very severe problem that affects over 20% of adults on average (OECD, 2011). Furthermore, according to WHO (2012), obesity is the main reason which causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and several types of cancer. That means overweight people are expected to have a low health expectancy.To so lve the problem of obesity, the solution could be considered from three aspects. The first aspect is at the individual level, people should reduce the energy intake from total fats and take regular physical activity to prevent overweight, because obesity is caused by high-energy food intake and lack of physical activity (WHO, 2012). But obviously, this need people have a strong self-control, also diet and excessive exercise may be able to cause the other health problems. The second aspect is about the food industry, the main source of the high-energy food is processed food.Therefore the food industry should reduce the content fat, sugar and salt in processed food, and try their best to provide fresh food, such as fruit, vegetables and nuts. However, the more healthy food will bring about higher prices, and then people will spend more money to improve the quality of their food. The third aspect is about the government and social organizations. The Government has a responsibility to h elp people to improve awareness of the prevention of obesity and to build more public exercise facilities. In terms of social organization, they should cooperate with the Government to implement the policy about obesity.For example, the advertising industry should increase the number of public service advertising about to improve people’s awareness of the risk of obesity? However, this will take a long time and a lot of money. To conclude, healthy expectancy is the indicator of the quality of life. This essay has discussed that health expectancy is reduced by negative factors including smoking and obesity. So it is necessary to analyse these factors, identify and assess the solutions from the aspects of individual, organization and the government to solve the problem, and then to improve people's health expectancy and the quality of people's lives.References Hammond, S. K. (2009). Global Patterns of Nicotine and Tobacco Consumption. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag New Zeal and Ministry of Social Development. (2010). Health expectancy. Retrieved October 17, 2012 From: http://socialreport. msd. govt. nz/health/health-expectancy. html OECD. (2012). Obesity update 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. From the OECD website: http://www. oecd. org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/49716427. pdf WHO. (2012). Facts and figures. Retrieved October 17, 2012. From: http://www. euro. ho. int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/facts-and-figures. WHO. (2012). Obesity. Retrieved October 21, 2012. From: http://www. euro. who. int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity WHO. (2012). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved October 21, 2012 From the World Health Organization: http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ WHO. (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER package. [Electronic version]. Geneva: World Health organization.

Who Is the Roman Goddess Venus

The beautiful goddess Venus is probably most familiar from the armless statue known as the Venus de Milo, displayed at the Louvre, in Paris. The statue is Greek, from the Aegean island of Milos or Melos, so one might expect Aphrodite, since the Roman goddess Venus is distinct from the Greek goddess, but there is substantial overlap. Youll notice the name Venus is often used in translations of Greek myths. Fertility Goddess The goddess of love has an ancient history. Ishtar/Astarte was the Semitic goddess of love. In Greece, this goddess was called Aphrodite. Aphrodite was worshiped especially on the islands of Cyprus and Kythera. The Greek goddess of love played a crucial role in the myths about Atalanta, Hippolytus, Myrrha, and Pygmalion. Among mortals, the Greco-Roman goddess loved Adonis and Anchises. The Romans originally worshiped Venus as the goddess of fertility. Her fertility powers spread from the garden to humans. The Greek aspects of the love and beauty goddess Aphrodite were added on to Venus attributes, and so for most practical purposes, Venus is synonymous with Aphrodite. The Romans revered Venus as the ancestor of the Roman people through her liaison with Anchises. She was the goddess of chastity in women, despite the fact that she had many affairs with both gods and mortals. As Venus Genetrix, she was worshiped as the mother (by Anchises) of the hero Aeneas, the founder of the Roman people; as Venus Felix, the bringer of good fortune; as Venus Victrix, the bringer of victory; and as Venus Verticordia, the protector of feminine chastity. Venus is also a nature goddess, associated with the arrival of spring. She is the bringer of joy to gods and humans. Venus really had no myths of her own but was so closely identified with the Greek Aphrodite that she took over Aphrodites myths. The Parentage of the Goddess Venus/Aphrodite Venus was the goddess not only of love, but of beauty, so there were two important aspects to her and two main stories of her birth. Note that these birth stories are really about the Greek version of the goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite: There were actually two different Aphrodites, one was the daughter of Uranus, the other the daughter of Zeus and Dione. The first, called Aphrodite Urania, was the goddess of spiritual love. The second, Aphrodite Pandemos, was the goddess of physical attraction.Source: Aphrodite Portraits of Venus Although we are most familiar with the nude Venus artistic representations, this wasnt always the way she was portrayed: The patron deity of Pompeii was Venus Pompeiana; she was always shown as being fully clothed and wearing a crown. The statues and frescos which have been found in Pompeian gardens always show Venus either scantily clothed or totally nude. Pompeians seem to have referred to these nude images of Venus as Venus fisica; this may be from the Greek word physike, which meant related to nature.(www.suite101.com/article.cfm/garden_design/31002) Venus in Pompeiian Gardens Festivals of the Goddess Encyclopedia Mythica Her cult originated from Ardea and Lavinium in Latium. The oldest temple known of Venus dates back to 293 B.C., and was inaugurated on August 18. Later, on this date the Vinalia Rustica was observed. A second festival, that of the Veneralia, was celebrated on April 1 in honor of Venus Verticordia, who later became the protector against vice. Her temple was built in 114 B.C. After the Roman defeat near Lake Trasum in 215 B.C., a temple was built on the Capitol for Venus Erycina. This temple was officially opened on April 23, and a festival, the Vinalia Priora, was instituted to celebrate the occasion.