Research Paper on Langston Hughes

Name English 1302. FE1 April 19, 2013 Research project: Langston Hughes Anybody can be philosopher, and come up with wonderful ideas and thoughts in their head. How many of those people can actually get those ideas and thoughts on to paper. For others to cherish or criticize, to love or hate. Only a select few can achieve such a task and it doesn't come easy; to be able to relate to a great amount of people and know that they have the same ideas. It is almost as if you are talking for a group of people when you write a poem cause those feelings you have when you are writing it transcends to those that are reading the poem.Creating feelings with just a group of words and bringing back past emotions or new emotions to the reader. Langston Hughes is one of those incredible people. The way his poems bring a sensation to them that some other poets can’t even process. â€Å"Hughes was a very complex person, split between a sophisticated consciousness and a fierce determination to c reate a popular and simplified poetic art† (Bloom 10). Langston Hughes had a way of reaching his people by speaking to the black people and putting down everyday life for them. He helped form a new kind of poetry with more rhythm style. Hughes was an established figure in the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement characterized by an explosion of black literature, theater, music, painting, and political and racial consciousness†(Meyers 908). Jazz was growing during the Harlem Renaissance and Langston captured that in jazz poetry. â€Å"Jazz poetry is a literary genre defined as poetry necessarily informed by jazz music†¦ Jazz poetry, like the music itself, encompasses a variety of forms, rhythms, and sounds. † (A Brief Guide to Jazz Poetry). Jazz poetry can be seen as a thread that runs through the Harlem Renaissance, the Beat movement, and the Black Arts Movement.Jazz poems are supposed to bring a vivid imagery in your head. To which Langston could write po ems that could almost make you feel like you were there dancing and galloping in joy. Langston Hughes was born in a regular black family. The talent of Langston Hughes really emerged in high school where he participated on the yearbook staff, wrote for the school newspaper, and began his short stories. He found that he loved writing. He brought black culture into books and poetry. â€Å"Hughes’s poems, populist and expressionistic, rarely demand, or receive, ‘close reading’† (Bloom 8). He died a great poet, activist, and novelist.His â€Å"impressive body of work makes him an important literary artist and a leading African American voice of the twentieth century. † (Meyers 913). Poetry is such a strong and magical force that is too hard not to be ignored. Poems can come from great depths from death to dreams. Theme in poems are endless, they can be anything. Many poets play off of one theme their whole careers, because they have so much meaning that they felt yet haven’t seen the light of many people. Langston Hughes has a broad amount of themes in his poems, such as uplifting the black people and to help them not be ashamed of whom they are.He kept that one of his major themes for most of his poems. I believe that can also be a broad theme for all his poems. All of Hughes’ poems helped with getting the black culture up and rising and fighting cause things would get better. He gave blacks a sense of optimism. He brought many of his followers to a better place every time they read his poems. Langston Hughes wrote many great poems, I have chosen a select few to write about and try to dig deep inside of them to know where he was coming from. Langston Hughes, a great poet has presented many themes in his works. A theme is the overall process of a poem and gives it life.I will be discovering and understanding the themes Langston Hughes uses in four chosen poems. â€Å"Mother to Son,† by Langston Hughes, is a po em about a mother telling her son about all the hardships that she had to go through in her life. Then she tells her son not to give up no matter how hard it is to keep going on. The stairs and everything on or not on it are a metaphor for her life. This poem is about never giving up. â€Å"So boy, don’t you turn back. Don’t you set down on the steps. † (Mother to Son lines 14-15) Sometimes everything just feels like nothing is going right and you feel like there is no point in even trying anymore.Life â€Å"ain’t been no crystal stair† (Mother to Son line 20) but its essential to press on. You can overcome anything. There are always ups, and downs in life and you have to endure whatever life throws at you and push through it. â€Å"Park Bench,† Is a story of two different lives and how ambitions of one lead to the same status as his counterpart. Park Bench has an undertone of being an underdog and coming from nothing, a â€Å"rags to riche s† story. We all look at people within a higher class and desire to have that lifestyle. Everybody wants to be the wealthiest or part of the higher class, but how many of them actually go out and do that? That I might, just maybe, in a year or two, Move on over To Park Avenue? † (Park Bench lines 9-12) is a good line to represent the ambitions people have; to move up in the world and to have the dream to be able to afford living in high status. Just having the strength to have the ambition to set a goal with so much meaning and fulfilling it. It plays on the American Dream of coming from a next to nothing situation and having the will power to show the world that you aren't just â€Å"anybody† but a â€Å"somebody†. Hughes has a way of making it seem as if anything is possible.If he can do it, I can too. This poem really brings out something that lies deep inside of me and I want to make it. I could see this poem inspiring the black man wanting to strive fo r more. â€Å"I, Too,† is an excellent poem. It is about the life of a black person who grows up mentally and believes that he can achieve a lot by just standing up for himself. It is almost as if he decided to go against the grain and start a revolution. â€Å"Besides, they’ll see how beautiful I am and be ashamed. † (I, Too Lines 15-17). By being a gentlemen and being nice, the people had nothing to do, but like him.This poem shows you don’t have to have violence to be a bigger man. Also he is saying that everyone in this country is equal and we are all American, so why are we degraded people just because of the color of their skin. â€Å"I, Too Am American. † â€Å"(I, Too Lines 18). We are all created the same, so he was saying the world itself is fucked up enough, so why are we here disgracing others and believing some are better than others. This was a strong poem and painted a great picture of how life was back then. â€Å"Frederick Dougla ss,† is a poem about a man who strived to be free.The theme of this poem shows drive and perseverance to freedom. â€Å"On which he set his feet, to route each path toward freedom’s goal† (Frederick Douglass lines 10-13). Douglass’ strength of character is so great, Hughes says, that he cannot die. Though he has been formally dead since 1895, his spirit's vitality remains as strong as ever. His strength came not from sheer will but from his will to liberate the enslaved. â€Å"From the beginning of his career to the end of it, Hughes spoke out clearly and courageously for racial justice. † (Taylor). Hughes poetry reveals his hearty appetite for all humanity, his insistence on justice for all, and his faith in the transcendent possibilities of joy and hope that make room for everyone at Americas table. † (Meyers 916). Langston Hughes brought a new view to many people and let many people in on the life of a regular black lifestyle. He was a true activist and brought hope and inspiration to many black people. â€Å"Langston Hughes is one of the essential figures in American literature. His career is much larger than the body of his poetry alone.By his work and his example, he has enriched our lives† (Taylor). What makes a poet great is that they can paint a picture in your head as well as give you a new view of things and make you feel what they are saying. You can basically see the poet writing down the words for the first time, as your mind starts painting the picture word by word stroke by stroke. As soon as a word comes out a new stroke emerges and brings you to new depths. You can feel the life and feel the pain and triumph in many of Hughes’ poems. Langston Hughes, a great poet has presented many themes in his works and gives them life.Works Cited Author Unknown. â€Å"A Brief Guide to Jazz Poetry. †Academy of American Poets. n. d. Web. 2 April. 2013. ;www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/5660;. Bloom, Harold, ed. Langston Hughes: Comprehensive Research and Study Guide. Broomall: Chelsea House Publishers, 1998. Web. Hughes, Langston: â€Å"Frederick Douglas. † The Compact Bedford Introduction toLiterature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8thed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 931-932. Print. —. â€Å"I, Too. †The Compact Bedford Introduction toLiterature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8thed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 15. Print. —. â€Å"Mother to Son. † The Compact Bedford Introduction toLiterature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8thed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 917. Print. —. â€Å"Park Bench. †The Compact Bedford Introduction toLiterature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 924. Print. Meyer, Michael. â€Å"A Study of Langston Hughes. †The Compact Bedford Introductionto Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8thed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 907-936. Print. Taylor, Henry. â€Å"He Heard America Jiving. † The New York Times. December 25, 1994. Web. 3 Apr. 2013.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Essay

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is recommended by the NICE guidelines as an effective treatment for many mental health problems, specifically depression and all of the anxiety disorders. But is it a therapy open to all? When Professor Lord Layard wrote his paper: â€Å"Mental Health: Britain’s Biggest Social Problem? † in 2005, he noted that: â€Å"16% of adults of working age have a mental illness† Of these 16%, he stated that, only a quarter were utilising any type of treatment. It was this sort of finding that lead to his recommendation to increase accessibility to proven therapies such as CBT. This was achieved with the roll out of the Improved Access to Psychological Therapy (IAPT) programme. The diagram below shows how the IAPT programme has been divided up into 3 steps: It is this stepped approach that will contribute to overcoming some of the barriers that societies diversity may have with accessing CBT. What might these barriers be? One of the first barriers an individual faces may be around the concern of being stigmatised. It may be too hard for them to think about accessing CBT therapy for fear of what others may think. They may not want to take time off work to attend sessions for fear of it impacting negatively on their career prospects. The stepped care model means they are able to receive the lowest appropriate service tier support. This may mean that an individual is able to access therapy using guided self-help, allowing them to work through the programme in their own time and at their own pace. Online programmes such as â€Å"Fearfighter† and â€Å"Beating the Blues† allow the individual to access therapy where and when they like. Not only do these sort of programmes overcome the fear of stigma but they also overcome the issue of long waiting lists meaning that the individual can access treatment on their terms almost instantaneously. Only if this level of support proves unsuccessful will the individual then be â€Å"stepped up† to the high intensity support. These internet CBT programmes also overcome geographical difficulties, as long the individual has access to the internet and phone. In my opinion the internet is one of the main ways in which barriers may be removed. Morland et al (2011) conducted a study on the effectiveness of CBT delivered via video conferencing compared to the â€Å"traditional in-person†. The results indicated that the outcomes were just as effective. A promising move for those that are unable to access traditional CBT as a result of their location or possible mental health issue, for example those suffering agoraphobia. At the core of CBT is the individual’s motivation to learn and change. This in itself can lead to difficulties, especially in children and young people. Often this â€Å"group† is being taken to therapy rather than choosing to go. Hudson (2005) found that large numbers of youngsters were not responding to the CBT treatment that they were receiving. As far as children and young people are concerned there seems to have been limited research onto the success of CBT treatment. The first controlled trials did not take place until the early 1990s and the majority of research has focused on the impact of CBT on adults. Even so the NICE guidelines on Depression in Children and Young People recommended the use of CBT, firstly, rather than pharmacological interventions. So how has CBT been adapted to incorporate children and young people, whose very cognition and emotional stages differs from that of adults? There have been some creative adaptations to the CBT model such as â€Å"Think Good Feel good†. Here the concept of CBT is broken down into easy to manage bites. There is also a lot of use of cartoons and speech bubbles, allowing the young person to access their thoughts and feelings in a safe way. The need to use more non-verbal techniques to help the young person to engage in the process such as, storytelling, drawing and games is also highlighted in this book. O’Reilly et al (2009) have also developed an interesting approach to using CBT with children and young people. They have created a game called â€Å"gNAtenboroughs Island† which is played by the youngster alongside a therapist. Each session introduces another core CBT concept to the young person, such as the connection between thoughts, feelings and behaviours. These are presented in a non-threatening way and also a way that may be more engaging to this age group. Cerangolu (2010) found that video games could enhance the therapeutic experience. They could help facilitate the therapeutic relationship as young people may be more willing to relate to a therapist that is ready to engage and understand their normal way of playing. Also sitting side by side rather than at the conventional â€Å"ten to two† setting also may make the young person relax. How the game is played can also reveal the young person cognitive style. As technology develops so do the opportunities to engage young people in therapy. Apps for smartphones are constantly being developed that allow the young person to access their homework in a more user friendly way, to record their thoughts and emotions instantaneously. To allow them to engage in therapy in the same way that they engage in their life. Homework may be a part of CBT therapy that causes a young person to disengage, especially as the very word may cause them to have negative connotations. Gaynor et al (2006) found that compliance toward completing homework dropped the further into therapy a young person was. It is important that the therapist and client work together to agree the homework and that the young person is encouraged to set their own, as this may encourage a â€Å"buy in â€Å"to its importance. It may be that the therapist stays away from using the language of school and calls it â€Å"practise work† or â€Å"work for self†. Initially I saw CBT treatment as regimented and unmoving, but the more I have researched the barriers that different people may encompass when thinking of embarking on treatment the more I realise that CBT is indeed structured but there is an innate flexibility about how it is delivered. It is this flexibility that allows people from different backgrounds to engage in a CBT approach that sees them as an individual rather than specific disorder.

Senior project progress report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Senior project progress report - Research Paper Example I have chosen, â€Å"World health Organization† as the corresponding health care organization. The major aim of the health care organization, I have chosen, is to develop such ideas and function as to alter the unhealthy activities of the persons in different regions of the world. However, the WHO does not only guide to cut the utilization of alcohol or perform works physically, it symbolizes as the organization that aims to reduce the diseases in the world and make the people healthy. In order to gather the information, I utilized the quantitative method and utilized primary as well as secondary sources. The primary sources include the web content directly published by the World Health organization. However, secondary sources include the information available on different web sites, journals and other publications. The issue is considerably most in the age group of 13-30 years and thus the targeted audience is from this age group. The training may include the publication of written and electronic advertisements that will give rise to the issues and make the issues global. Pahl, Ray. (1999). â€Å"Policy Futures for UK Health: The Social Context of Healthy Living: No 6 Social Trends: Technical Series†. The Nuffield Trust, London. Can also be retrieved from

Article or Case law Search Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Or Case law Search - Article Example In general, the antitrust litigation involves hospital. This article by Feinberg mediates private antitrust suit(2009) explains the recent underlying issues and developments in the antitrust edict with respect to the hospital physician relations, hospital relations and hospital payer relations just to mention but a few (Jossey, 2009). The core question that has long not been answered in these areas is the manner to which public relations and government determine the competitiveness for the services offered by hospitals. It is worth noting that hospital competition can lead to social benefits, which in turn depends more on legislations and regulations than on courts. It follows that the antitrust law has pivoted the shaping of the contemporary medical markets. One of the most pertinent thing that experts point out as an influence cause by the antitrust law is the ushering in of the era of medicine as a ‘valued’ business. Of late, research has discovered that lawsuits against the medical centers make up the lion’s share of antitrust litigation. Between the year 198/5 and 1999, the article affirms that the hospitals defended sixty one percent of the total 394 medical antitrust disputes (Jossey, 2009). It was at this time that the court decides to issue a formal opinion, where it stated that the hospital were only six percent plaintiffs. According to the author, this numbers understated the burden of hospital’s antitrust litigation (Jossey, 2009). This understate came about due to the information that the files gave out. It is noted that the claims of the files did not gear up the publication of the judicial opinion. In this regard, the antitrust perspective explains that hospitals are merely business organizations that bear the mandate of providing medical services. Undoubtedly, these services entail combinations of advanced technology, physical facilities, and lastly the specialized human capital. All the above forms the nature of the regulatory

Abraham Lincoln. His Life and Achievements Research Paper

Abraham Lincoln. His Life and Achievements - Research Paper Example He was a man of character, integrity and strength. In the present discourse, an attempt is being made to understand Lincoln’s life, achievements, struggles, failures and their impact on America based on existing literature. Lincoln’s childhood: Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12 1809 in Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks. His childhood was something that even Lincoln was never excited about because of the poverty and other challenges he had to face (Charnwood, 13). Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States of America. His enduring struggle was to end slavery in America and to economically transform the nation. As a young boy, Abraham Lincoln was involved in helping his father and his neighbors (p. 15). Lincoln owes his mental qualities to his mother as well as his step mother. Lincoln’s step mother was instrumental in the minimal education that he received with parental support. Lincoln has the ability to attract crowd even from his earlier years of adolescence. This is evident from Charnwood’s statement, ‘Lincoln was a person of high consideration among the lads of his age and company’ (p.20). Literature related to Lincoln’s reading habits highlights his immense love for reading and reading habits. During his teenage, he read books like Aesop’s Fables, Robinson Crusoe, The Piligrim’s Progress, A History of the United States, Weem’s Life of Washington and even Revised Statuses of Indiana (Charnwood, 21). Even before he reached the age of 20, Lincoln had a deep understanding of how his nation functioned, the principles policies and its governance (Tarbell, 34). Lincoln left his home at 22 and settled in New Salem, Illinois, which were the foundational years for his future. Based on his own efforts, Lincoln acquired some formal education for next few years; he entered the legal profession at the age of 27 (Wilson, 15-19). His achievements in the field of law studies and the profession are attributed to his own hard work and constant struggle. His struggles in the profession of law as well as politics have been immense and are epitome of an ideal le ader and a winner ever since he was elected as the President. Political affiliation: Abraham Lincoln’s first successful electoral is associated with the Sangamon County as the surveyor in 1834 and followed by the Illinois house of representatives as a representative for the Sangamon County in 1836. Lincoln was elected for the Illinois legislature during subsequent 3 years (Chin, 34). As explained by Mansch, Lincoln’s entry into politics is associated with the Nebraska Bill and did succeed in winning a seat in the Illinois legislature around 1854 (p.41). But, Lincoln resigned this post because he wanted to challenge Stephen Douglas, who was responsible for opposing anti-slavery. At this time, Lincoln struggled to gain political identity. Lincoln was deeply moved by the group fighting against slavery, known as free-soilers or anti-Nebraskans that was formed during 1854. At this time, Lincoln knew that he wanted a stable party that shared his political ideals and could be lieve in creating a prominent party of the future. Two years later, i.e. in 1856, different groups with these ideals supporting anti-slavery gathered in Bloomington, which Lincoln attended. Lincoln appropriately used this opportunity to bring together various groups that were fighting against slavery, poverty, and for democracy. Lincoln’s deep desire to abolish slavery and achieve a liberal democracy had made him say, ‘I have no objection to ‘fuse’ with anybody provided I can fuse on ground which I think is right’ (qtd. in Mansch, p.41). Lincoln’s personal experiences with the blacks were minimal, yet he was aware of the slavery

Personnel Resourcing & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personnel Resourcing & Development - Essay Example The first one is technological advancements, which has contributed in eliminating the influence of time, space and other such intermediary factors in the business environment. Similarly it has also contributed in promoting low cost and high speed data transmission, hardware that produces information more conveniently and quickly, and software that makes the data and communication tools more accessible (Sack & Albretch, 2000). The second factor is that of globalization. In business sphere it plays a vital part in availability of instantaneous information, faster means of transportation making the world a huge market place (Sack & Albretch, 2000). Third factor is that of increased power of the market investors with such an influence on the business sphere that if they are displeased it can put the business in jeopardy and hence their consent is given quite an importance (Sack & Albretch, 2000). Effects of changes in business strategy on people resourcing focus and activities: Current b usiness scenario is as such that it is dominated by the continuously changing economic environment along with the globalization phenomena, characterizing the ever changing investor and consumer demands, and the factor of competitive advantage. All these drivers make it vital to the existence and sustainability of the organizations to continuously improve in terms of all the fronts of cost, productivity, time and skills management just to name a few (Becker & Gerhart, 1996). Substantial changes seem to have taken place in the workplace structure all around over the past few decades which are being intensified all the more by the current turbulence in the business spheres. In order to succeed in today’s business environment, organizations have now started to focus more on the knowledge aspect of things rather than the mindset of the industrial economy (Saini, 2006). The front running companies now invest more in the intangibles so as to gain a more long term market value. The m ost crucial of such intangibles is in relation to the work force in terms of their mindset, skill, speed, learning ability, collaboration, accountability and leadership qualities. In the picture of such intangibles, it becomes one of the top most priorities to capitalize on these aspects through cooperation and unions so as to be able to effectively utilize their talent along with creating future competencies, which now hold critical importance to all the industries (Saini, 2006). The strategy makers have now shifted their focus from systems, structures and strategies to skills, staff and shared values. The focus on these aspects has exacerbated the importance of the adoption of the HR strategy and people development in terms of inculcating soft skills and establishing high performance work systems (Saini, 2006). The true worth of any organization is defined in terms of its workforce. As Bill Gates puts it in Fortune: â€Å"Take our 20 best people away, and I will tell you that Mic rosoft would become an unimportant company.† (Gates, 1996) On the same grounds, in terms of the gambling industry we see that it has undergone a dramatic change all around over the past few years. Previously, while it just used to comprise of a ‘horses and dogs’ business, it now certifies as just comprising 60% of the overall industry. In other words we see that the wide range of topics and events that people can place bets on have had a huge impact on the gambling indu

The impact of E-commerce on the auditing standards Dissertation

The impact of E-commerce on the auditing standards - Dissertation Example Continuous innovation in the information world has drastically changed the nature of works of business organization as well as of individuals. Substantial dependence on information system has also enhanced individuals’ innovative power. Today people can not only dream about some spectacular thing, but they can actually give a realistic shape to their dreams with the implementation of information system. For example, a few decades ago it was even beyond imagination that people can get the opportunities to enroll themselves in any foreign universities without making any physical presence. But continuous and spectacular innovations in the field of information technology have made people dream about distant learning where they can be in continuous touch with their tutors and college administration without making there physical presence in college campuses. Thus information system not only revolutionized they way people do their works, but also the way people think. In this age of highly improved information age ecommerce has become a very popular term. E-commerce can be defined as â€Å"the use of electronic transmission medium (telecommunication) to engage in the exchange, including buying and selling of products and services requiring transportation either physically or digitally from location to location. Introduction of ecommerce has been found to have produced some positive effects on economic performance of a country. It offers innovative ways of selling, delivering and receiving of goods and services and affects almost every industry and all aspects of business mechanisms and in this process dramatically contributes to productivity enhancement of the industries. In the field of auditing, ecommerce has been taking its place at very fast pace. However, it would be The proposed study will consider a particular set of widely used auditing standards in order to evaluate the effects of ecommerce on that set of auditing standards. For the purpose of the pro posed study, the impacts of ecommerce on US GAAS (US Generally Accepted Auditing Standards) will be studied. Thus the theme of the study can be written as follows: Effects of e-commerce on a particular set of auditing standards, i.e. US GAAS, in terms of the application of US GAAS and the outcomes. However, before proposing research questions and relevant research methods, it is very necessary to look into the findings of existing literatures in the relevant field of study. Given the research theme stated above, a number of research questions and corresponding hypotheses should be postulated in order to asses the impact of ecommerce. Now, one thing should be mentioned at this juncture in order to understand the next section that a number of factors are associates with the application of a particular set of auditing standards. The most vital factors are audit planning and implementation of audit plan. The research questions that should be presented later in this proposal should take into account all these facts. Apart form these, some parameters relating audit plan and implementation of audit plan should be taken into account in this research in order to measure the effect ecommerce on these variables. The literature review section should explain all the issue relating to impact of ecommerce on auditing, issues concerning audit planning and issues relating to proper implementation of audit plan. All these will provide required explanations of the research questions to be postulated after the literature revi

Faisal -business development of small-scale businesses in saudi arabia Dissertation

Faisal -business development of small-scale businesses in saudi arabia - Dissertation Example A brief scan of the important theories and the challenges to them are as follows: Firm size: According to Schiffer and Weder, the prevailing assumption is that SMEs have more problems than large firms because of their size. The reasons favoring large firms include economies of scale and entry costs; political influence; and greater visibility. Life Cycle vs Age: Masurel & Montfort (2006) analysed the stages in the life cycle of small and medium scale enterprises, in particular in the professional services sector, and distinguishing one stage from the other. Four stages were distinguished – starting; growth; maturity; and decline. First three stages show a diversification in sales, increase in differentiation of labor force, and increase in labor productivity. In the last stage, all these measures decrease. These stages, rather than the firm’s age, are what determine its growth. ... As to innovativeness as a factor in itself, Masurel, et al (2003), Nijkamp (2000) found that the element of leadership fosters creativity in the management of SMEs are determinative of innovative behaviour. Structure: Laforet and Tann (2006) and Tidd, et al. (2001) state that there is a highly significant difference between structure and innovation. This indicates that innovation does not develop well under hierarchical structures, mainly because of high levels of bureaucracy, and flatter SME structures tend to lead to more successful innovative efforts. On the other hand, Wei Xiuli and Juan Zhao (2009) qualifies this, stating that the optimum line structure of SMEs should take into consideration the typical organizational structure of the industry, the maturity of the firm, the specific stage it is in, and other factors that impact on the firm’s performance. Strategic Alliances: Booz, Allen & Hamilton, (n.d.) showed in their studies that SMEs will benefit through the establis hment of cooperative arrangements with other organizations and businesses. Joining forces helps ease expenses by sharing expertise, assets, expenses, and risk without the need for cash, debt or trading equity. In many instances, cooperating groups resort to bartering. Research objectives It is understandable that small and medium scale industries are seldom made the topic of academic research, because of the many factors that are perceived to influence this segment of the business, the studies appear to be fragmented in that so many assumptions are made as to the type of industry and the specifications of the company (high-tech or low-tech, service or manufacture, start-up or mature, mass production or custom designed, and so forth). This study therefore

Bilingual education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bilingual education - Research Paper Example the Bilingual Education Act (1968) which dominantly shaped bilingual education laws (Pandey, 2010).The paper attempts to explore the pros and cons of bilingual education and debate over different aspects discussed by its proponents and opponents. In order to convince parents and teachers that bilingual education is beneficial for non-English speaking children, the term â€Å"bilingual education† should be unambiguous. However, deciding how to classify bilinguals is problematic (Baker, 1985; Mackey, 1962; Skutnabb-Kangas 1981 qtd. in Baker 2).Baker further explains that defining bilingual is fraught with problems as there are many dimensions to this term (3).However, for defining bilingual education Wink reminds us of Professor Beto who asserts that bilingual education is all about the education that is given in two languages. Beto further adds to the definition and states, â€Å"Bilingual education is all about literacy and knowledge. That’s it.†(qtd. in Wink)Krashen further adds to the definition and states, â€Å"Bilingual education consists of good, comprehensible input in English, good subject matter teaching in the primary language, and continued literacy development in the primary language. Given these three component, kids will get literacy and knowledge.†(3-4 qtd. in Wink) The concept of ‘bilingual education’ is considered to be the education programs that are particularly designed for students with lacking ability of speaking and understanding English language. Among several programs, some include the features of teaching academic subjects in native language for better understanding, for instance, Spanish or Bengali. In addition these programs teach English as second language (ESL).While some other programs emphasize on learning English by completely immersing students in English-only class. Some of the programs prefer teaching both languages in mainstream class to all students. There are different variations of these approaches and different schools

Bentley starts Essay Example for Free

Bentley starts Essay Question 1: Bill visits a local car auction and is immediately attracted to a red car labeled ‘Ferrari 1979’ which he purchases from peter. Peter is not a car expert but he has borrowed a book from the library and identified the car as a 1979 model. Bill also sees a classic Bentley which is owned by James, a qualified car mechanic. James informs Bill that the Bentley is operating perfectly on the way to the auction. Bill wanders off to look at another car and in his absence, the engine of the Bentley starts emitting smelly black smoke. However, by the time Bill returns, the smoke has temporarily cleared and he pays James the full price for the car. Subsequently, Bill discovers that the Ferrari is a fake but he crashes it while showing off to his girlfriend. It is a total write of further. He discovers that the engine in the Bentley is faulty. His mechanic manages to undertake some minor repairs to keep the engine running temporarily but warns Bill that in the long run he will need a new engine. Advice Bill. Question 2: Gethin runs a hotel at a popular seaside resort. He decides to expand his hotel by adding an extension but his accountant warns him that it will only be economical if built in time for the summer season. His contract with Bob, a local builder, contains the following conditions: 1) The extension will be built by 1 April 30 to be payable for each day’s delay thereafter. 2) The extension must be built using local materials as specified in Gethin’s attached list of specifications. 3. The floor must be fitted by a specialist flooring contractor to be nominated by Gethin. On April 30, the extension is still attractive. He is extremely annoyed to find out that the floor had not been fitted by Unique Floor Ltd, the firm he nominated and there are now large cracks in its surface. He is distressed by the whole experience and in fit of anger, dismisses Bob and hires Jack to complete the work. Jack, seizing the opportunity charges Gethin with a double rate for the work. Bob and Jack are now demanding payment form Gethin . Advise Gethin Advice 1: As an initial move, Bill should approach James as soon as possible and inform him about the condition of the Bentley. As a merchandiser, it is James responsibility to address Bill’s query regarding the car and help him resolve the problem. In addition, James also has the obligation to provide a concrete description of the products that he is offering. He has to be honest in his service and he should not lie to customers for the sake of making more money or else he might suffer from consequences after. Even if the mechanic has done temporary repairs on the Bentley, the possibility of acquiring new engine and spending additional cost in the long run makes the situation harder for Bill. It is also not reasonable to say that James has no responsibilities on the car anymore since it is already bought because of the car has been damage even before it is bought. According to the law of consumer rights, the merchandiser has the obligation to sell products that are described correctly including the damages that the products may have. The consumer also has the right to return a product if the consumer discovered any failure right after the product’s purchase (ANL 2009). Applying to Bill’s case, James lied to Bill about the condition of the car prior to purchase so James has right to return the car and ask for reimbursement if ever the car’s engine is not changed. On the other hand, the case of the Ferrari is different. Bill should have informed Peter about the situation earlier so that the issue has been resolved. As a customer, Bill has the right to return the car but since the car has been damaged because of his fault, his right has been void (ANL 2009). It is true that Peter has lied and Bill can still pursue to take legal actions against him. However, the possibility of any reimbursement is low due to Bill’s mistake of damaging the car due to his irresponsible actions. Through a legal process, he can still acquire an amount of money from Peter as a reimbursement but it will not be the same amount that he paid due to the damages on the car that he also has to pay. Advice 2: Gethin can solve by having a negotiation with Jack about the rate of work. Even though Jack is selected to finish the work, it is his ethical responsibility to avoid taking too much advantage of the situation. As a professional, Jack has a duty to render service for the benefit of his and his client’s party. He should price the service based on its regular price and not based on other unreasonable reasons (Thomson Reuters 2009). Through a business negotiation, Gethin should explain the situation to Jack and convince him to agree with his proposed rate. Both of them should present their oown proposal of price and be able to defend it. Gethin should explain that since it is just a completion work, the rate should not be very high. He should also identify the conditions and present it clearly so that any misunderstanding can be avoided. However, if Jack still did not agree, then the best way that Gethin can do is to look for other company that can finish the work and agree with his terms. Since it will be just a completion work, other companies will surely accept the project given that Gethin offers a reasonable rate. Business will still be business and as an entrepreneur, Gethin should know his limitations in terms of offering rates so that he will not end up spending a huge amount of money for the project. On the other hand, Gethin can sue Bob for not complying with the contract. The fact that Bob agreed on the contract gave him an obligation to follow it and be subjected to rules. In any business, contracts are considered as legal documents and are subjected to agreement between two parties. Anyone who disobeys can be sued and will be subjected to penalties depending on the case (Thomson Reuters 2009). Bob, as a contractor, should know about the consequences of not complying with the contract. If Bob is proven to guilty, then he will be liable to pay a certain amount to Gethin to cover the damages that he made and he might also lose his work license. References: Thomson Reuters. 2009. Contract and the Law. Available at http://smallbusiness. findlaw. com/business-forms-contracts/business-forms-contracts-overview-law. html Associated Newspapers Limited (ANL). 2009. Consumer Rights. ThisIsMoney. co. uk. Available at http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/help-and-advice/advice-banks/article. html? in_advicepage_id=130in_article_id=395991in_page_id=90

An introduction to the Nestle Company

An introduction to the Nestle Company Nestle was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland. It has employed around 250,000 people and has factories or operations in almost every country in the world. It is one of the worlds biggest food and Beverage Companies. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. 1.1: PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The study of the research is to find the variable which has leads towards conflicts in Nestle Organization. The main purpose of the research is, firstly, to identify the causes of conflicts in Nestle and, secondly, to manage conflicts in Nestle organization. This report will be helpful for students who want to conduct a research as well as the company improving or solving the problems. 1.2: BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY All of us experience some type of conflicts in our daily lives. Tensions, antagonisms, and frustrations always occur when people work together. There are disagreements, perhaps even fights, between employees and the supervisor or between co-workers. Aside from personality clashes, people simply have different viewpoints about the way things should be done. The main purpose of conducting the research is to find out the conflicts, and finding the ways to manage and solve them in an organisation. In this context we have got the opportunity to conduct our research on one of the top organizations (Nestle). 1.3: DEFINITION OF CONFLICT Conflict is defined as the state of discord caused by perceived or actual opposition of needs, interests and values. A conflict can be internal or external. The concept of conflict can help to explain many social aspects of life such as social disagreement, fights between individuals, groups, or organizations and conflict of interests. Conflict as taught for graduate and professional work in conflict resolution which is defined as when two or more parties, with perceived incompatible goals, seek to undermine each others goal-seeking capability. However, conflict can also occur in cooperative situations, in which two or more individuals or parties have consistent goals, because the manner in which individuals or party tries to reach their goal can still undermine the other individuals or party. 1.4: NATURE OF CONFLICT Conflict may constructively be viewed as resulting from differing belief systems, varied perspectives on the situation and values resulting from participants accumulated life experience and conditioning, differing interests and objectives. Effectively dealing with conflict requires the expression and management of participants varying interests, belief systems, perspectives and values. Through the integration of participants perspectives, belief systems, interests and values, conflict and conflict resolution play important roles in individual and social evolution and development. Conflict arises when one or more participants view the current system as not working. At least one party is adequately unhappy with the position, that they are willing to own the conflict and speak with the hope of being able to influence the situation to arrive at an improved condition. Conflict may be sight as a process we put ourselves through to attain a new condition and self definition. Through conflict we have opportunities to be artistically self-defining. If nothing else, conflict allows us in future to do things differently. Through the resolution of conflict, we can evolve and redefine ourselves, our community, our relationships our society and our world. 1.5: LEVELS OF CONFLICT 1.5.0: Inter divisional conflict Inter divisional conflicts exists between the perceiver and another individual within the organization. Although the other person does not need to be aware of the conflict, the perceiver of the conflict situation recognizes the present or future impact conflict can have on job performance. 1.5.1: Intra group conflict Intra group conflicts occur between perceiver and his or her immediate group within the organization. The immediate group can consist of work team, department or union. Whether fully or only superficially aware of the conflict issue, the perceiver realizes that the conflict can directly or indirectly affect job performance. 1.5.2: Inter group conflict It arises between the perceivers immediate group and another group within the organization. Again, the perceivers involvement may not be critical, but he or she must be aware of the situation and the potential impact the conflict can have on work performance. 1.5.3: Organizational conflict Organizational conflict is a state of disagreement caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together. 1.6: TYPES OF CONFLICT A conceptual conflict can rise into a verbal exchange or result in fighting.Conflict can exist at a variety of types. These are Community conflict Diplomatic conflict Emotional conflict Environmental resources conflict Group conflict Ideological conflict Interpersonal conflict Inter-societal conflict Intrapersonal conflict Organizational conflict Religious-based conflict and Workplace conflict . 1.7: CAUSES OF CONFLICTS 1.7.0: Authority relationship Authority Relationship conflicts occur because of the existence of strong pessimistic emotions, misperceptions or stereotypes, poor communication or miscommunication, or repetitive negative behaviors. Authority relationship problems often increase disputes and lead to an unnecessary rising spiral of destructive conflict. Supporting the secure and balanced expression of perspectives and emotions for acknowledgment (not agreement) is one effective approach to managing relational conflict. 1.7.1: Management style For any organization to be effectual and efficient in achieving its goals, the people in the organisation need to have a common vision of what they are determined to achieve, as well as clear objectives for each individual, group/ team and department. Management style also needs ways of recognizing and resolving conflict between people, so that conflict does not become so serious that collaboration becomes impossible. The management of any organisation needs to have ways of keeping conflict to a minimum and of solving problems caused by conflict, before conflict becomes a major obstruction to work. Management style helps to avoid conflict where probable and organizing to resolve conflict where it does happen, as rapidly and smoothly as possible. 1.7.2: Communication barriers: Conflict will be greater when barriers to communication exist. If parties are separated from each other physically or by time e.g.; the day shift versus the night shift-the opportunity for conflict is increased. To illustrate suppose a company employs only one plant supervisor, who works the day shift and leaves orders at the beginning of each week for the workers on the night shift. By the end of the week, how ever, these orders have been only partially carried out. The supervisor cannot figure out why. Obviously, the supervisor absence from the night shift has posed a communication barrier, which in turn causes decreased output. As Bryans, P, Cronin argued in 1984 that Space or time separations could promote isolated group interests rather than advance a common effort towards joint goals. 1.7.3: Personal factors 1.7.3.0: Behavioral The way emotional experience gets expressed which can be verbal or non-verbal and intentional or un-intentional. 1.7.3.1: Physiological Its defined as the bodily experience of emotion. The way emotions make us feel in comparison to our identity. 1.7.3.2: Cultural values Culture tells people who are a part of it, Which emotions ought to be expressed in particular situations and what emotions are to be felt. 1.7.3.3: Physical This escalation results from anger or frustration. 1.7.3.4: Verbal This escalation results from negative perceptions of the annoyers character. 1.8: WAYS OF ADRESSING CONFLICTS There are basically five ways of addressing conflicts which were identified by Thomas and Kilman in 1976. These are 1.8.0: AHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodationccommodation Ones party surrenders its own needs and wishes to accommodate the other party. 1.8.1: AHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidance_(conflict)voidance Avoid conflict by ignoring it, changing the subject, etc. As an expedient means of dealing with very minor, non-recurring conflicts or Avoidance can be useful as a temporary measure to buy time. In many cases, conflict avoidance involves severing a relationship. 1.8.2: CHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationollaboration Working together can find a mutually beneficial solution. Collaboration can also be inappropriate and time-intensive. When there is not enough respect, trust or communication among participants for collaboration to occur. 1.8.3: CHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromiseompromise Finding a centre point where each party is partially satisfied. 1.8.4: CHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionompetition Take the ones point of view at the potential expense of another. It can be more useful when achieving the ones objectives outweighs ones concern for the relationship CHAPTER # 2 2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW Different researchers have published their reviews on conflicts in the organization. We are viewing two best reviews of the researchers articles. Mr. Philips in 1982 threw light on some of key conditions, which may lead to serious organizational conflicts; he gave his views in the book named as Community in Organization. According to M Phillips certain social relationships characterized various kinds of conflict behavior. Each one could occur in your work area. The more aware the managers are of these conflict settings, the better are the chances of correcting them and running a smooth operation. Mr. Philip identified communication as problem in his research. The causes of conflicts are structural factors, authority relationships, common resources, goal differences interdependence, jurisdictional ambiguities, specialization, status-inconsistencies, personal factors, communication, conflict management style, cultural differences, emotions, perception, personalities, skills and abilities, values and ethics. According to the researcher, possible solution; it is obvious that a perfect communication system is unlikely. But also per fection like rationality will not be achieved; organizations do have mechanism by which they can attempt the communication system as clear as they can. Philips also suggested that there are such devices available which can reduce the distortion and complications in communication process and suggested that communication recipients should be aware of the biases of the message senders and protect their own counter biases as protection devices. James M Leif John M Penrose in 1997 in the book Business Strategies Skills 5th Edition explained the nature of organizational conflicts identify the causes of conflicts i.e. Structural Factors, Common Resources , Goal Differences , Interdependence ,    Jurisdictional Ambiguities, Inconsistencies ,Personal Factors Communication barriers, Conflict management style ,Cultural differences ,Emotions Perception, Personalities, Skills and abilities, Values and Ethics, Behavioral and Physiological Cognitive. The researchers says that it is possible to avoid conflict by having mechanism such as voting to make decision without the disagreement of consensus. They also find that behavioral regulation fail to match the individual need of employee, conflict is bound to occur. In 1995 B R Siwal in his research Resolution Strategies to Conflict describes that conflict is a necessary and integral part of effective problem solving and realistic discussions. It is core sound of decision making because disagreement is the best vehicle for enlargement the perspective, discovering alternatives, and motivating creative interaction among each member. The effects of disagreement, though, depend on how it is administer by team members. Conflict can be integrative and constructive or it can be distributive and disruptive. When mismanagement occur, conflict can demolish team effectiveness, when handled well it can deeply enhance the quality of team work and make members sense proud of their work in the team. Training in the nature of conflict and the ways of managing it is an imperative need of all the people who participates in problem solving groups, such as those that make up work teams. The negative association of conflicts wants to be dispelled and substitute with more practical conceptions that made the justifiable distinction between disruptive and constructive conflict. When team members see that conflict can be a positive strength in conversation, they are better prepared to take up effective proposal attitudes and behaviors in trouble solving situations. Further more the differences between integrative and distributive conflict can help them learn how their own behavior contributes to the atmosphere of the team which they belong. Davor Dujak in 2008 describes in his research that in every organization conflict encounters on a daily basis. The conflict cannot be avoided but it is probable to mange them in a way that we identify them on time. It is essential to constantly track the organizational signals which position to their existence. If Organization does not respond accordingly, this can lead to the condition that conflict itself manages the organization. One of the more important determinants of productivity, performance and efficiency and finally the job satisfaction is also the conflict as an independent variable of organizational behavior. By systematic research of organizational behavior we want to make a positive influence on the dependents variables, but first we have to realize and get a good approaching to the individual elements of organizational behavior. In 2004 Melanie Lewis describes in her research that if conflict managed poorly or avoided, it can be very costly to an organization. If managed well, conflict presents an opportunity to uncover significance and promote a healthy work place. Many organizations are finding that their conflicts management systems have been good by financial investments, generating a healthy return. In additional they are recognizing the value of many less substantial benefits (lower turnover, increased efficiencies, improved morale and improve public relations). A precise four phased process assessment, design, implementation, operation and evaluation helps organizations design effective conflict management systems to gather the maximum benefit of conflict system. Moreover this four phased approach strongly encourages the team actually to seek to understand and incorporate the needs and interests of all affected constituency, and creates an environment in which the benefits of the system can be effecti vely communicated, implemented and administered. In 2010 De Dreu C.K describes in his research that conflict is a multidimensional with both relationship and task forms. Hence it is expected that if they change the managing type of conflicts, it will plays an important role in organizational performance. While if organization did not manage good, the conflict will plays a negative role. However the researcher discussed only two types of conflicts in his research namely affective and task conflict in order to play better role in organizational performance. After studying the reviews of different researchers, we will take help from different researches but our group decided that we will follow the research of M Philip because they dictate information about factors which are important for identifying conflicts and understanding the meaning of conflict and how it influences the organizations internal environment in solving problems. CHAPTER # 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0: Research type: The type of research that we are conducting is applied research because it is conducted for a particular organization. Applied research is practical applicability of research tools on a particular organizational situation. 3.1: data collection We will be collecting our data by using two sources which are as follows. 3.1.0: Primary data Our primary data is collected through conducting interviews and designed questionnaires from directors, managers and employees of Nestle. 3.1.1: Secondary data The secondary data is collected from past records of Nestle and books along with business articles to support our recommendations and suggestions. 3.2: Sample size During this survey we have taken responses from a Sample size of 30 which is further divided into two groups. We also conducted survey from 10 managers and 20 employees. The sampling type that we used is non random sampling technique because we want to get information from every third employee and manager of Nestle organization. Our survey is in questionnaire and interview form, so our questionnaires consist of open ended and close ended questions. We have conducted unstructured interviews, asked from the respondents to get more information. CHAPTER # 4 ANALYSIS 4.0: INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is a practice in which the raw data is ordered and organized in order to extract useful information from it. The process of organizing and thinking about data is the key to understand what the data does and does not contain. There are varieties of ways in which people can approach data analysis, and it is infamously easy to manipulate data during the analysis phase to push certain conclusions. There are different methods for analyzing the data for example surveys, charts, frequency tables, graphs and personal observations etc. 4.1: ANALYSING FOR CORRECTION OF DATA We had conducted unstructured interviews for analyzing of questionnaires which we had made for collecting data from employees and managers to check whether the answers given by them are right or wrong. We had found no matches; the interview opposes the answers given by them in questionnaires. We have analyzed our data through frequency tables and bar charts. 4.2: FREQUENCY TABLE Frequency table is one of the important concepts in mathematical statistics and a good analyzing tool. A table divided into cells by category with counts for each category in each cell. It is a kind of display of a given data, in which the frequency of each data item is found. The frequency of a data item is the number of times it occurs in the data set. 4.3: BAR GRAPH A graph consisting of parallel, usually vertical bars or rectangles with lengths proportional to the frequency with which specified quantities occur in a set of data. A bar graph is a pictographic version of statistical data in which the independent variable can attain only certain discrete values. The dependent variable may be discrete or continuous. The most common form of bar graph is the vertical bar graph, also called a column graph. This type of display allows us to: Compare groups of data, and To make generalizations about the data quickly. 4.4: ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRES 4.4.0: FROM MANAGEMENT 1) More than the desired output of the employees make can be harmful to the organization?     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 9 No 02 1 Table: 4.4.0.0 Graph: 4.4.0.0 2) There is a free flow of communication among the employees:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 10 No 02 0 Table: 4.4.0.1 Graph: 4.4.0.1 3) Employees are properly informed about decision taken?     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 7 No 02 3 Table: 4.4.0.2 Graph: 4.4.0.2 4) There is a consistency among the management policies:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 8 No 02 2 Table: 4.4.0.3 Graph: 4.4.0.3 5) Key post should be through:     Ã‚  Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direct Appointment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  b) Promotion Variables Codes Frequency Direct appointment 01 8 Promotion 02 2 Table: 4.4.0.4 Graph: 4.4.0.4 4.5.1: FROM EMPLOYEES 1) From how long have you been working in this organization?   6 months 1 year 3 years Or more than 3 years Variables Codes Frequency 6 months 01 4 1 year 02 2 3 years 03 10 Or more than 3 years 04 4 Table: 4.5.1.0 Graph: 4.5.1.0 2) What kind of boss do you like to work with?   Friendly Competent Leant Difficult Variables Codes Frequency Friendly 01 17 Competent 02 3 Leant 03 0 Difficult 04 0 Table: 4.5.1.1 Graph: 4.5.1.1 3) Which type of leaderships style do you like the most? Autocratic Democratic Variables Codes Frequency Autocratic 01 18 Democratic 02 2 Table: 4.5.1.2 Graph: 4.5.1.2 4) How does your management is doing the evaluation among the employees? Performance base Merit base Variables Codes Frequency Performance base 01 18 Merit base 02 2 Table: 4.5.1.3 Graph: 4.5.1.3 5) Which management level should be responsible for problems between employees? Choose any of the following Top level Middle level Lower level Variables Codes Frequency Top level 01 2 Middle level 02 17 Lower level 03 1 Table: 4.5.1.4 Graph: 4.5.1.4 Q6: How do you communicate the unforeseen problem with your manager or general manager?   Answer: Most of the respondents suggested that they like to meet the general managers directly for any unforeseen events. Q7: Do you think your organization should involve the employees in decision making? And why?   Answer: Most of employees consider that their managers are capable of taking right decisions and there is no need of involving employees. While few of them suggested that it can be a source of new and creative ideas. Q8: What can you suggest for a better management system?   Answer: Most of the employees have no idea about it. Few of them believe that friendly environment and better salaries can improve management system. 4.6: INTER ORGANISATIONAL CONFLICTS OF NESTLE The nature conflicts in Nestle found out through the unstructured interviews and through questionnaire with the directors the managers of NESTLE Peshawar are as follows: The first thing which found, was the lack of training given to the employees, managers said that in the organization, employees always have to work together in groups, and if some one feels that he/she cannot work within the group, then there is some problem with that employee, but at the same time managers said that it is the organizations responsibility to teach the employees how to work together in groups through proper training. They mentioned that without training the organizations might face serious types of irresolvable conflicts, which are definitely not fruitful to the organization. The second main reason mentioned by the manager of the company was the Selection Biases, manager said that selection biases may also lead to conflicts within the company, and these conflicts are normally personal as well. The manager said that if in cases the top management (directors) interferes in the process of hiring the employees, they might select the wrong person for the right job. On the other hand there may be serious conflicts going on between the managers the directors on the issues of authority and responsibility balance. Further if the manager takes big decisions like job confirmation salary decisions then, there may be conflicts, and these must be taken by the top management (directors). The manager of NESTLE also raised the point of communications problem. They believe that every information must be communicated from their tables. If in any case any employee bypasses the manger, there may be a conflict between them. Manager also said that there is no need of any employee who bypasses the manager to access to the top management (directors). Usually the organizations do have Coordinators who are directly answerable to the top management. He said that the manager will not be able to properly deal with him and conflicts between them will arise. The manager said that young unmarried employees usually indulge in office politics and make conflicts among the employees. According to him only married and experienced persons should be provided with the jobs. Racial problems also create conflicts among the employees. Bad attitude of the manager and arrogant nature of the boss is also one reason of conflicts. The manager said that effective person but highly cooperative person would be proffered in place of an efficient but uncooperative one. The managers presented the following ideas to prevent conflicts: Contractual Jobs Hire fire system. Authority to the managers Some of them had a bit different views. Director held the middle managements capabilities responsible for the conflicts within the organization. He also said that there is no relationship between the authority and reasonability with the conflicts. He proffered the autocratic style of management in the beginning, but it should be shifted to the democratic style in the later portions. Director said that although the centralized system slows down the process of working, but it will also decrease the conflicts between the employees. They said that, if you (Employee) have to be successful in the company, then you have to become a big YES SIR. One of the director also mentioned that horizontal conflicts are more common. Super seeded persons normally indulge in making conflicts. He said that super seeded persons should be terminated in place of super seeding them. Dress code can experience the anger from the employees due to Ethnic affiliations to some dresses. Directors were strongly in favor of Coordinator, they said that a coordinator channels the communication process between the manager and the top management. He also gave the following ideas to prevent the possible conflicts in the organizations: Promotions Clear line of Authority Not more than one employee from same Regional locations and same institutions/Universities. CHAPTER # 5 5.0: CONCLUSION The Organizational Conflicts is itself not a problem, but it is a serious symptom of some factors that are usually ignored while designing the organizational structures. From the literature review, taking samples (convenience) analysis of the data gathered. Some factors are identified that usually are the root cause of the conflicts. Some of these are: Ethnicity Personal Jealousy Arrogant behaviors (low temperament) Communication problems Due to the nature of the issue the responses from the top (Directors), middle (Managers) lower management (Employees) were totally contrary with each other. For this purpose structured questionnaires (covering both open ended and close ended questions) and unstructured interviews were conducted. That made the deductions possible by comparing the verbal and non verbal responses, rephrasing the same questions two-three times to check the consistency of the replies. The ethnic issue is the most important. Due to ethnicity no sampled branch has been successful in implementing the dress code yet. Even though, all the respondents favoured it. It is observed that employees belonging to KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA are very low tempered. Their frequency of jobs switching is higher than others. It proves that they cannot work in teams and work with an arrogant manager. To conclude, who should be held responsible for conflicts, the manager is the key person who channels the communication whether upward or down ward. 5.1: RECOMMENDATIONS The current thinking should be for the maximum utilization of the companys resources and to push the power and decision making authority down the hierarchy of the organization. This can create more power and flexibility within the company as a whole. Good leaders should not have any problem in delegating power and responsibility. Disagreement with the supervisor should be encouraged as long as it leads to productive results. It is critical for the manager to get diverse work force to work well together and respect their differences. Diversity should be encouraged because it can help the organization in future to adapt to the changing global market. All problems can be prevented from happening and/or rectified, if the middle management (Manager) of the company justifies its position. Middle management plays an anchor role. Manager should be able to deal with all the employees who have different cultural backgrounds, personalities priorities. Hiring experienced and matured managers and providing them training could help the case. On job training of the employees. Open house discussions should be there at least one a month. While assigning the groups to the employees for tasks, it must be assured that all the groups are properly matched. REFERENCE B R Siwal, S 1995, Conflict Resolution Strategies, last viewed date 16 dec, 2010, http://www.scribd.com/doc/19166679/Conflict-Resolution Jacob.Bervich, S 1997, Conflict and Conflict Management in Organizations, last viewed date 12 dec, 2010, .http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vHYPERLINK http://doc

Essay example --

Pada dasarnya ilmu hubungan internasional adalah segala hal yang berhubungan dengan batasan negara. Dan segala interaksi tersebut berhubungan dengan kerjasama dan juga konflik. Fokus dari ilmu hubungan internasional yaitu mempelajari tentang penyebab - penyebab dan kondisi - kondisi yang menciptakan kerjasama keluar batas negara. Kerjasama dapat tercipta sebagai akibat dari adaptasi perilaku aktor-aktor dalam mengantisipasi, merespon, hingga berkonflik. Kerjasama dapat dijalankan dalam suatu prosesi perundingan yang diadakan secara langsung. Proses perundingan dapat saja tidak berlangsung ketika aktor – aktor di dalamnya sudah saling mengerti satu sama lainnya. Menurut James dan Robert Pfaltzgraff kerjasama dapat didefinisikan sebagai rangkaian hubungan - hubungan yang tidak berdasarkan pada kekerasan dan paksaan serta sudah disahkan secara hukum. Contohnya dalam sebuah organisasi yang beranggotakan negara – negara di dunia ini yaitu PBB dan Uni Eropa. Aktor-aktor di dalam negara membangun hubungan kerjasama melalui suatu rezim internasinal dan organisasi internasional, yang dapat ...

Standardized Testing in Schools Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Views on Standardized Testing Standardized testing has long been a controversial method of assessment in our schools. Such tests are important indicators of student achievement and aptitude. However, some standardized test scores have been misused as a manner in which to track students, allocate school funds, and even determine teacher pay. Standardized tests, when used appropriately and for the right reasons, can adequately determine a student's present level of strengths and weaknesses and his or her aptitude for certain abilities. There are two basic types of achievement assessments: norm-referenced and criterion referenced. In a norm-referenced test, a student's scores are compared to other students' scores to determine how the child is performing in relation to others his age (Woolfolk, A., 2004). A criterion-referenced test compares a student's scores to a set standard, not to other test takers. Criterion-referenced tests usually measure specific objectives and are helpful to teachers because they measure specific academic strengths and weaknesses (Woolfolk, A., 2004). Included in these types of assessments are the three types of standardized tests: achievement, aptitude, and diagnostic (Woolfolk, A., 2004). The achievement test measures how much of the material has been mastered. Tests such as the ACT, ITBS, and ITED are all norm-referenced, achievement tests (Woolfolk, A., 2004). These tests measure mastery of such areas as reading comprehension, math computation, and verbal skills, along with social studies and sciences (Woolfolk, A., 2004). The aptitude test is used to predict future performance by testing abilities which have been developed over many years (Woolfolk, A., 2004). The SAT and the IQ test are examp... ...nrichment opportunities for those excelling. For my classroom, effort on authentic assessments and work/progress portfolios will trump any standardized test score. Learning should be fun, and filled with many opportunities to explore and discover new and exciting ideas. Works Cited Hlebowitsh, Peter S. (Lecture). (2003, November 21). Foundations of American Education (2nd ed.). Wadsworth: University of Iowa Press. Importance of Testing in Psychology and Education. (2002). Retrieved November 30, 2003, from http://www.a2zpsychology.com/articles/importance_of_testing_in_psychol.htm. Reed, Eric. (Doctoral Student for University of Iowa College of Education). (Lecture). Multiculturalism and the Testing Debate. Human Relations for the Classroom Teacher. (2003, October 21). Woolfolk, Anita. (2004). Educational Psychology. (9th ed). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Gas War :: essays papers

Gas War Gasoline is produced by a distillation process where crude oil is heated and fumes are captured and converted into many products such as kerosene, jet fuel, and gasoline to name a few. Therefore the price of crude oil, which is extracted from oil wells beneath the earths surface, is a major factor in gas prices. The five leading oil-producing countries and their approximate shares of the world supply of oil are: Soviet Union 21%, Saudi Arabia 17%, The United States 15%, Venezuela 4%, and Mexico 4%. These five countries made up 61 % of the worlds oil production back in 1980. Even though The United States is a major producer of oil, it does not make them self-sufficient. The United States uses more oil than they can produce and must look towards foreign countries. An organization called O.P.E.C. controls approximately four fifths of the worlds oil reserves in the non-communist world. The United States is forced to deal with O.P.E.C., not only in its own interests, but also in the interest of its allies and in the interest of maintaining peace. The former Soviet Union may now have an interest in selling some of their oil that they have a tremendous amount of. O.P.E.C. which stands for Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is made up of 13 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon. O.P.E.C. was founded in Baghdad, Iraq in September of 1960. It was organized in response to oil producing countries that did not consult with the Middle Eastern oil states before lowering their crude oil prices. The producers feared that other countries would establish monopolies. The aim of O.P.E.C. was to create a universal price between the countries, in order to ensure peace between oil producers throughout the world. O.P.E.C. also wanted to provide its members with technical and economic support in times of need, since not all the countries were completely stable. The head quarters were initially set in Geneva, but were later moved to Vienna in 1965. O.P.E.C.’s goal was to establish firmly unified prices amongst their members, but the organization was not always successful. In their quest for control over the world market of oil production, they have ran into several obstacles and setbacks. O.P.E.C. has barely survived being eliminated due to internal conflicts amongst its members.

Berkeley

The concerns of idealism and empiricism have been of continual concern in philosophy.   Pre-Kantian thought had this collision at the highest point of controversy.   Idealism holds the view that reality is composed in the consciousness of various agents. It finds its most radical postulation in the work of George Berkeley.   Berkeley famously holds that view that nothing exists in the absence of perception – ‘to be is to be perceived’, as the maxim states.   The reality of objects is assured by their projection onto or within the consciousness of different agents. Idealism here is represented by Berkeley who is the foremost proponent of a pure idealism in the western philosophical tradition.   Similarly, he is the only major immaterialist thinker in his era of Enlightenment philosophy.   The role of the perceiver is the final referent in the equation.   This is in line with the return to science and the re-appropriation of classical values that characterized the Enlightenment worldview.   Empiricism is headed by John Locke, the emphasis here is thus not as much on the perceiver as it is on the perceived objects.   Within both traditions of philosophic thought there is great emphasis on perception as the key determining process in the attainment of reality (or an accurate representation thereof). When perception is the key to proper inquiry there are two main branches of problems that must be accounted for, illusion and delusion.   Illusion is a problem or difficulty with the function of sensory input and delusion, being a problem with the perceiving mind.  Ã‚   The opposition between a mental and perceptual problem doesn’t hold up as well in contemporary philosophic thought, however it seems necessary to include these models of thought for the purpose of explicating the idealist-empiricist debate circa 1700s.   Another framing concern is the epistemological character of the entire dialogue.   It is specifically a drive toward certainty that fueled much philosophic inquiry. Illusions, in the sense that one’s perceptions imply contradictory things, have often fascinated philosophers from Plato through Descartes and even until today.   In Berkeley’s work Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, he discusses a number of perceptual discrepancies using Philonous as his mouthpiece.   The problem is stated that if one puts a hot hand in water the temperature feels cooler and warmer if one places a cold hand in the same water (Berkeley 142-143). This is done within the context of Berkeley’s idealist project which is to remove attributes from the object and describe things in terms of their existence in perception.   He starts by mentioning the limits of the senses: they cannot infer from observation to causes and are bound to that which is immediately perceived (Berkeley 138).   In this manner, he argues that since there is a discrepancy in the perception of the same object. The ‘temperature’ of the water must not be a uniformed attribute that exists within the water.   Otherwise, the water must be at once hot and cold and this is rejected as an absurdity (Berkeley 143). Hylas raises the objection that while the sensation may be in the perceiver, the quality that gives rise to it must be within the object.   This is countered by stating that such a quality has no bearing as we know of it only by our intellect.   That is, we have removed it from any sort of corporeality.   He writes in his principles that ideas of one God and ideas of man are both subject to being ideas, they cannot exist â€Å"otherwise than in a perceiving mind† (Berkeley 74). Locke’s approach to this particular problem is addressed in a different way in his Essays Concerning Human Understanding.   While Berkeley describes the sensations of heat and cold as analogous to sweetness and bitterness or more generally pleasure and pain, Locke conceives the situation of temperature as analogous the properties of motion.   Locke holds the view that heat and cold are actually a form of motion at a minute level (Locke 2.8.21). This is, of course, a prototypical view for the modern scientific view of temperature where heat is represented by low-level vibration of particles.   The faster the vibration the higher the temperature.   With this model, what we feel in the bucket example is the deceleration of particles in the warm hand and the acceleration of particles in the cool hand.   The differential temperatures see to average themselves out.   This model is well in line with the contemporary palette, however, it fails to address Berkeley’s perspective which erases the concept of an inherent quality. The problem of delusion is brought up, again in Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous.   Hylas posits, â€Å"What difference is there between real things and chimeras formed by the imagination . . . since they are all equally in the mind?† (Berkeley 197).   The answer comes that â€Å"ideas formed by the imagination are faint and indistinct†(Berkeley 197).   This may be a submerged reference to Descartes demand for ‘clear and distinct’ ideas as the foundation of analytic truths. Locke discusses this in his Essays Concerning Human Understanding.   He suggests that wit produces combinations of ideas while judgement separates them (Locke 2.11.2).   He writes, â€Å"How much the imperfection of accurately discriminating ideas one from another lies, either in the dulness or faults of the organs of sense; or want of acuteness, exercise, or attention in the understanding† (Locke 2.11.2). Furthermore, he suggests that ideas must link up with things.   Sensation is produced by the conformity of the object with the perceiver (4.4.4). The distance between the two thinkers is thus that of their views of the fundamental role of perception.   For Berkeley it may seem that Locke is being overly skeptical on the role of the perceiver.   For in the thinking of Locke the mind is not the origin but the senses which shape the mind.   For Locke, we are born tabula rasa, a blank slate to be impressed by our sensory input. Our mind takes up the job of shaping sensation after that point.   This is to say with Locke we are in an a posteriori epistemology whereas with Berkeley we are a priori.   The problem for Berkeley could thus be characterized as finding the foundation of knowledge on the continually shifting horizon of sensation rather than the static, constant world of ideas.   In a way this is analogous to the divergence between Heraclitus who wrote that â€Å"nothings stays fixed† and Parmenides who held that â€Å"Being is unchanging† (Wheelwright 70,90).   The problem has come from a long history and different forms of this dispute will likely continue with eternal perpetuity. Works Cited Armstrong, David M.. â€Å"Introduction†. In Berkeley’s Philosophical Writings.   Ed. David M. Armstrong. New York: Collier Books, 1965.   7-34. Berkeley, George.   Berkeley’s Philosophical Writings.   Ed. David M. Armstrong. New York: Collier Books, 1965. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume I. Jan 2004. .   May 21, 2007. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume II. Jan 2004. .   May 21, 2007. Wheelwright, Philip.   The Presocratics.   New York : The Odyssey Press.   1966.

Electron Probability Lab Report

Cynthia Johnson Period 3 Experiment 11: Electron Probability I. Statement of Purpose: We determined the hit probability of a dart by throwing it onto a fixed target one hundred times. IV. Data* *Attached V. Results and Questions 1. (a) *Graph (b) The probability that the dart will hit in ring four is 16 out of 100. A dart will be most likely to hit the bulls-eye about 5 cm from it. (c) Our graph has a spike in hits on the ring.Also, the graph in figure two has more of a curve that goes up at the end, and ours goes down at the end. 2. (a) *Graph (b) The probability of a hit in any given unit area on the target varies with the distance of that area from the bulls-eye because of the positioning. The person that his higher up could be over the target differently than a person that is shorter. I would but it towards outside, because the outer-most rings got the most hits. c) Our hit density curve has a spike in it, while the one in figure three does not. 3. (a) No, because it varies from person to person, based on height and distance from the person and the target. Also, whether they aimed or not. (b) No, because they are in different groups. 4. (a) Quadrant 1 has 25 hits in it, quadrant 2 had 25 hits in it, quadrant 3 has 26 hits in it, and quadrant 4 has 24 hits in it. (b) We were almost exactly even in each quadrant, and we did not favor any certain quadrant over the other by very much.

We all fall down – Essay in speech format

Good morning thank you for turning up to what will be an engaging analysis of the complexity of conflict in literature. If you ponder upon it, how many of us have experienced some form of conflict in our lives? No doubt all of you. But year 1 1, It Is the way In which we handle this conflict that moulds us Into the individuals we are today. My work In the novel We all fall down' has caused some controversy In schools simply because I paint the picture of characters who fall to metaphorically ‘get back up'.I've no doubt that if you look closely enough around this room you will associate money with these problems and that's what I'd like to explore today; the complex character that is Buddy Walker. The thing that really got the critics cranky was Buddy's escapist tendencies. The reason being that Buddy drinks, he drinks a lot to assist him in sanding down the rough edges in his highly conflicted life, and that will be the focus of our discussion today.Year 1 1, I would now offer you some valuable advice in the hope that you will learn from Buddy's mistakes, and that is that in life, it's not about how you fall down†¦ It's how you get up. Now, the main theme I implicitly explored In this novel through the experiences of Buddy Walker and Jane Jerome Is the concept of resilience. Evidently, these two vastly different characters both have vastly different levels of resilience, seen through the way they handle the conflict In their lives. But what exactly Is resilience?Resilience Is a person's ability to bounce back from setbacks, major or minor, and just the all-round ability to keep going, you could describe it differently as mental toughness. Buddy, as stated before, is an escapist. He uses many different things as tools for his escapism, the major one being his metaphorical ‘life crutch', his gin (alcohol). He uses alcohol as a form of escapism in many different instances, and I feel that the way I described the gin's significance to Buddy's escap ism perfectly sums up the character that Buddy is.A few of my favorite descriptions are â€Å"the way it (the alcohol) soothed and stroked him. † The alcohol was like his only friend. † and â€Å"The way it kept a certain haziness on the harsh realities of his life. † These quotes especially emphasize the high level of penitence Buddy has on the alcohol to act as a beacon to guide him through the fogginess of his existence, If you will. The alcohol symbolizes Buddy's weakness, It depicts his inability to overcome conflict on his lonesome and essentially characterizes him as someone who cannot ‘get back up'.Now year 1 1, Buddy is by no means a resilient character. He has little to no willpower and is perfectly happy to stand idly by while something despicable happens in front of him. I expressed this in the opening scene, the trashing. While I set the scene with a sinister tone and suspenseful language, I placed Buddy in a difficult position. A position wher e he had to choose to either test his courage and ‘be a hero' while running the risk of the losing his friends', or sit back and Just allow an utterly despicable act occur right In front of his own eyes.Of course, being the weak and nearly morally void character Buddy Is, he chose to let It happen. A stronger, more resellers character would more than likely opt to Intervene In this because they would have the mental strength to overcome It. Unlike Buddy, Jane Is a very resilient character and through all of the inflict and problems in her life, she always has the strength to bounce back. Two trashing, despite the considerable amount of physical damage to the house, mental damage to the whole family, and both physical and mental damage to Karen, Jane still finds the strength to get on with her life.Sure, she is noticeably rattled from the occurrence, but she still finds a reason to smile. That reason is Buddy. But after things with Buddy go down the drain and she is forced to p art ways with him as well as her claim to happiness and respite from everything bad in her life, she still engages to move on rather steadily. Ask yourselves year 11, if there is anyone you know that you would associate with either of these characters' traits. If you do, I'll wager that the Jane type character you know does not get along all too well with the Buddy type character.This is because strong and weak individuals obviously oppose each other, and their two personalities often conflict with each other. Likely, the Jane type character somewhat dislikes the Buddy type character you know, but the Buddy type is rather impartial to the Jane type. The Buddy's in our lives are often the type of errors to Just let things happen around them, while something may affect them in one way or another, they are generally not too bothered by it unless it is quite a burdening occurrence.We begin to detect this Buddy-Jane conflict in the scene where Buddy goes to Cane's temporary apartment to try and talk things over with her. Jane, of course because of her new discovery that Buddy was involved in the trashing of her house, is tired of Buddy. Tired of his hesitance and general indecisiveness. It is evident that she has gotten sick of Buddy's weakness as a person, and the resilience f their relationship has now worn out.Year 11, resilience is a fundamental human characteristic that we all need throughout the course of our lives. If you as a person are struggling to ‘get back up' time and time again, my advice to you is this: Don't let things get to you too much, and block out unnecessary sources of conflict. Like Jane, causes for grievance should be grieved over, but briefly and very occasionally. Because the most important thing in life, as corny as it sounds, is happiness. As they say year 11, life's for the living, so live it. Or you're better off dead.

Work Stress Conflict And Overload Work Commerce Essay

Work emphasis is the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when there is a hapless lucifer between occupation demands and the capablenesss, resources, or demands of the worker.0 † [ For workers everyplace, the troubled economic system may experience like an emotional roller coaster. â€Å" Layoffs † and â€Å" budget cuts † have become proverbs in the workplace, and the consequence is increased fright, uncertainness, and higher degrees of stress.. I think that the issue of ( emphasis at work ) is mess. because A muss is a set of conditions that produces dissatisfaction. It can be conceptualized as a system of jobs or chances ; a job or an chance is an ultimate component abstracted from a muss. There is no straightforward manner of foretelling what will do harmful degrees of emphasis, since different people respond to different types of force per unit area in different ways at different times, harmonizing to their personality, experience, motive and the support they receive from directors, co-workers, household and friend Job stress consequences from the interaction of the worker and the conditions of work. Positions differ on the importance of worker features versus working conditions as the primary cause of occupation emphasis. The undermentioned factors may take to workplace emphasis: ( 1 ) Pressure from investors, who can rapidly retreat their money from company stocks. ( 2 ) The deficiency of trade and professional brotherhoods in the workplace. ( 3 ) Inter-company competitions caused by the attempts of companies to vie globally Workplace emphasis can ensue in physical, psychological, behavioural and emotional alterations that can finally ensue in a hapless public presentation, occupation loss, pecuniary issues and other wellness related issues as good. Workplace emphasis can go forth you overwhelmed. When you are overcome with a feeling of an at hand catastrophe that seems to be looming big over you, you feel dying, cranky or down. There is a sudden feeling of apathy and deficiency of enthusiasm and you all of a sudden loose involvement in your work that you may hold enjoyed earlier.2- Conflict at wokConflict is an inevitable component of any organisation. It is increasing in the workplace because of factors like increasing diverseness, organisational complexness, downsizing and decreasing resources. Conflicts occur when the demands and ends of the person are non in harmoniousness with the demands and ends of the organisation. Many organisations view struggle as an abashing anomalousness that is non talked about in polite society. This attitude forces struggle resistance, where it festers and spreads. Alternatively, struggle should be accepted as a normal portion of human interaction. In my sentiment that struggle is mess. as it is a hard state of affairs from which you would wish to untangle, but there is no obvious manner out. A muss is a set of conditions that produces dissatisfaction. It can be conceptualized as a system of jobs or chances System thought is really helpful in covering with mussy state of affairss. Conflict is considered a wicked jobs or thwarting mystifiers where the overall complexness involved appears overpowering. We are human, though, and it is about impossible for us to disassociate ourselves of feelings, beliefs, and values. We create, or acquire involved in, struggle, and we possess sensitivities as to how it ought to be addressed or handled Conflict is frequently destructive. Unresolved struggle can take to increasing tenseness, atomization and absenteeism ; and diminishing cooperation, morale and productiveness. On the other manus, non all struggle is bad. â€Å" Conflict is the O of creativeness † ; without originative contenti on, advanced solutions to new jobs will non be found. Conflict can be negative when it creates opposition to alter, establishes turmoil in organisation or interpersonal dealingss, Fosters distrust, builds a feeling of licking, or widens the chasm of misconstruing. ( 1R2SKPB_enKW357 & A ; q=inauthor: † Jeremy+W.+Stranks † & amp ; sa=X & A ; ei=6LTqTI_SOo_QcbinregK & A ; ved=0CD8Q9Ag † Jeremy W. Stranks, 2005 )3- The overload work at occupationsWe have all experienced that shocking sense of holding far excessively much work to make and excessively small clip to make it in. We can take to disregard this, and work unreasonably long hours to remain on top of our work load. The hazards here are that we become dog-tired, that we have so much to make that we do a hapless quality occupation, and that we neglect other countries of our life. Each of these can take to intense emphasis I think that ( The overload wok is considered a muss because the issue here is consist of set of conditions represented in the continual much work given to the employees to complete.these actions produces dissatisfaction. It can be conceptualized as a system of jobs or chances.In this issue there are many people such as directors helpers. and employees are involved or take part as stakeholders in the muss state of affairs. ( there are causes, impacts and solutions are complicated. Negative effects are found in the person, household, and the company. Poor wellness, increased divorce rates, and decreased net incomes are all consequences. Workers are watching their undertaking tonss rise, their free clip shrivel, and their general wellness diminution.( Brief, 1998 )( a ) spray diagram about the description f the three musssincreasing tenseness,Feeling of lickingDecreasing cooperation, morale and productiveness,SMTP waiter Organizational complexnessNo harmoniousnessharmful physical and emotionalConsumptionClients helpers Offices member occupation loss, Lack of enthusiasm Monetary issues Feeling of apathy Feel exhausted Excessively much workAbnormal mannerA small clipReduced net incomesIncreased fright, uncertainnessDissatisfactionPoor wellnessQuestion 2 ( 65 % Markss )Read through the affiliated instance survey â€Å" Developing an Effective Organizational Structure † . As you read through the article make one system map diagram to demo the different constituents of Sungenta ‘s â€Å" organisational systemGross salessProfile and signifierHuman resourceWork specialisationSyngenta ‘s â€Å" organisational system( B ) In t205 ( system believing ) we use the Control theoretical account to assist us to believe about how to take control of a system to accomplish specific ends. It has been developed to cover different types of systems and here we use it as diagnostic tool. Control theoretical accounts are a utile manner of look intoing intent and the agencies in topographic point to accomplish it. Control systems are profoundly built into our lives at every possible degree. The kernel of control is that the procedure being controlled is monitored carefully, and if it deviates from what is required some disciplinary action is taken. Another significance of control bases on the kernel that a program has been carefully pre-set, and is so carried out with great conformance. If the planning has been right and appropriate, the consequences will be precisely the desired. Both sorts of control are ways of acquiring a procedure to accomplish a pre-set end. The first 1 is managed by continuously supervising the end products of the procedure and seting the inputs consequently. The 2nd 1 is managed by utilizing anterior cognition of the procedure and/or utilizing accomplishment to put the procedure up in progress in such a manner that it will present the coveted consequences. At organisational degree, control of both sorts is perfectly indispensable if the organisation is to work as a rat ional entity. Control of the first sort is known as ‘closed-loop ‘ or ‘feedback ‘ control, while the 2nd sort is known as ‘open-loop ‘ or ‘feed frontward ‘ control.Open-loop controlThe illustration which is traveling to speak about is the company accomplishing the employee authorization to make its success Achieving authorising employementSatisfactionGive chanceTrustInvolve in determination devisingSolve jobsListen to employeesInput signalsCompetitionMotivationwagess( Increased Profitability productiveness )Stable working environmentincreased efficiencyend productsThe procedure of accomplishing the employee authorizationactuatordetectorWork related state of affairsCompetitive market place.Feedback wayComparatorclosed cringle control theoretical account about employee authorizationElementss of control theoretical account: Input signals Input is the term meaning either an entree or alterations which are put into a system and which modify a procedure. Input signals are represented in Satisfaction, Give chance, Trust, Motivation And giving wagess. Input besides refers to the things that need to be done to work out the job End products End product is the look indicating alterations which exit a system and which modify a procedure. The consequence of the input after the trans formational procedure. the end product here is the creative activity employee authorization.the purpose of the control theoretical account out puts is seting an terminal to assist the company to accomplish the out comes of the state of affairs. The exact out puts here is accomplishing ( increased Profitability, increased productiveness ) and accomplishing stable working environment. That employee authorization benefits the organisations which implement it efficaciously is widely noted in the literature Procedure refers to The thought of turning inputs to out puts whether negatively or positively. In control theoretical account the procedure has another significance which called ( transmutation ) The procedure should besides place jobs that need to be solved in the present state of affairs. Process besides refers to the state of affairs which needs to be fixed. .It is about accomplishing the employee authorization. the procedure is the practical point that turns the inputs to out puts as it is the responsible for the recognized alteration of the state of affairs Comparator is a tool which compares the state of affairs as input and end product to bespeak which is larger. it is necessary to hold a comparative expression between the results of the United Nations empowered employee and the results of the ideal employees authorising in order that we can positive effects from holding the employees empowered. throughout the comparator we can recognize the necessity for he company to set the suited program to employee authorization Feedback: The term feedback represents the nucleus function in systems believing. Feedback is information that returns to its original sender such that it influences that sender ‘s subsequent actions. Feedback describes the plans of employee authorization when end product from ( or information about the consequence of ) an event in the yesteryear will act upon the same event in the present or future. The provender forward action is based on the cognition of the benefits of employee authorization system.( Peter, ( 2001 )============================================================================Discuss the possible disadvantages for Syngenta from following a more hierarchal construction for pull offing its undertakings? Word Count 500 ( 15 % Markss ) A traditional hierarchy, senior directors make up the board of managers and are responsible for set uping scheme and overall concern way, whilst center directors have duty for a specific map such as finance or selling. A traditional hierarchal construction clearly defines each employee ‘s function within the administration and defines the nature of their relationship with other employees. Hierarchical administrations are frequently tall with narrow spans of control, which gets wider as we move down the construction. They are frequently centralised with the most of import determinations being taken by senior direction. A hierarchal organisation follows the layout of a pyramid. Every employee in the organisation, except one, normally the CEO, is low-level to person else within the organisation. The layout consists of multiple entities that descend into the base of staff degree employees, who sit at the underside of the pyramid. The Disadvantages of Syngenta following a more hierarchal construction for pull offing its undertakings can be represented in ( 1 ) Communications between the employees and other staff could acquire lost. ( 2 ) Jealousy between employees if one gets promoted. ( 3 ) Employees may non hold on the alterations within the company. The hierarchal construction of Syngenta is instead low on national degree ( contrary to the international degree ) . Besides societal differences are rather low and difficult to note because itA?s a tradition in Turkey non to speak about money. Although there is a labour brotherhood for the mill workers, technicians, salesmen and sellers donA?t feel they need one because of an award system which provides them with wellness benefits, fillips, †¦ In order to better their attitude in the hereafter, the directors made a satisfaction questionnaire for their employees. As hierarchal construction, Syngenta uses the same codification of behaviors in every state ; human rights and equality are really of import. We can reason there is a low degree of distinction and favoritism between employees. Syngenta is committed to authorising its staff and a hierarchal construction is non suited to its advanced style.. Like many big concerns working in both national and international markets, Syngenta has adopted a matrix construction ( project squad construction ) A matrix construction is frequently referred to as the undertaking squad construction. In this attack, squad leaders manage specific undertakings and undertakings. Each squad will dwell of members from different sections, each with their ain specialism and expertness related to the undertaking. It takes employees out of their usual functional countries to work with other employees with different expertness and specialism. This ensures the undertaking has all the accomplishments it needs to accomplish its mark. It besides means the employees may profit from each other ‘s abilities. Some squads are merely formed for a short period of clip. They disband when their undertakings have been completed and the squad members are redeployed on other undertakings. Other squads have a longer or sometimes lasting remit. The matrix construction is non an option to functional direction but works alongside it. Syngenta ‘s undertaking teams all support one or more of its concern schemes In Syngenta there are likely to be several beds of authority. , The figure of degrees depends upon whether the concern has a hierarchal or level construction. A hierarchal construction has many beds of direction, each with a narrow span of control. Instruction manuals feed downwards from one degree of direction to those below. Feedback comes from the lower degrees upwards. In Syngenta, the chief disadvantage of hierarchal construction, harmonizing to Learn Management, is that communicating between sections in the same degree of the concatenation ( called horizontal communicating ) can be hard. Since the top-down construction keeps these sections from pass oning, sections can do determinations that merely profit them alternatively of the full organisation. This can do productiveness and efficiency to fall, perchance destructing the organisation.( Woolwich Dairy, 2001,( vitamin D ) Assess to which degree employee authorization is indispensable for an organisation, usage illustrations f orm the instance survey to reenforce your points. Word count 600 ( 20 % Markss )Employee authorization is an absolute concern indispensable today. It involves the looks and avenues through which the non-managerial staff members are conditioned to be able to do certain of import company determinations, with the support and backup of a well planned empowerment plan. The froward determination devising capacity is generated from the sum of the power vested by the direction within the employees, during the preparation provided. Employee empowerment preparation really culminates in the whole set-up going an empowerment theoretical account. The guided ability to take some determinations empowers the employees and besides adds to the retaining faculty adopted by the company. Employee authorization is a term used to show the ways in which non-managerial staff can do independent determinations without confer withing a boss/manager. These froward determinations can be little or big depending upon the grade of power with which the company wishes to put employees. Employee authorization can get down with preparation and change overing a whole company to an empowerment theoretical account. Conversely it may simply intend giving employees the ability to do some determinations on their ain. Corporate civilization reflects the values, vision and leading manner of a given company. degrees of trust between employee and employer differ from civilization to civilization. Promoting employees to do determinations, supplying an environment of unfastened communicating and credence of new thoughts defines a civilization based on authorization. Companies that offer and nurture such an ambiance can profit in a assortment of ways runing from a stable work force to a healthy underside line .There are many grounds why is employee authorization is indispensable for an organisation, firs: Planing authorization into the company civilization is non merely a smart direction scheme, it drives up employee satisfaction.. One of the factors responsible for the high evaluation attained by Jupiter is people patterns. Empowering people is portion of the high tech house ‘s cultural mission. Second ; Delegating power to employees contributes to making an ambiance of contentment and award. Companies noted for this leading manner attract like minded persons who take pride non merely in fall ining the organisation but to demoing trueness by staying on the squad. Credited with allowing all employees input into determination devising, McCormick and Company reports a voluntary turnover rate of merely 3 per centum. Third ; Making an ambiance of authorization is a leading undertaking driven by direction. Once employees are to the full engaged in decision-making and taking action, direc tion can gain. â€Å" Particularly in today ‘s cognition driven economic system, employee authorization is critical to success. If you want the existent benefits of your employees, you must liberate them to do determinations. In bend, this frees direction to concentrate on larger strategic ends and enterprises. † Fourth ; Armed with cognition and a specific degree of authorization, employees can work out jobs and better service clients. â€Å" When employees are invited to take part in the determinations environing how the work is done, they are more occupied and aroused about the result. Finally ; employee authorization Increases Profitability.Miller states merely that people come to work to win, non to neglect. a company built on employee trust, believes that employees are the company ‘s â€Å" individual greatest strength and most digesting long term competitory advantage. Employees are the most of import plus in a concern. Empowered employees experience satisfaction in their achievements. They have a sense of duty and the cognition that they are of import to the organisation, every bit good as a sense of being responsible for determinations that affect themselves and other employees. They have a sense of ownership, which is how sceptered employees should experience. To carry through Syngenta ‘s purposes and aims, employees must besides show specific accomplishments and competences. Dr Kathryn Brocklehurst explains what this means for her: ‘As a director and scientist, clip direction, planning and communicating are cardinal accomplishments. I manage a research squad and it is critical that our work meets deadlines in order to acquire merchandises developed for our clients That employee authorization benefits the organisations which implement it efficaciously is widely noted in the literature.Employee authorization is the most effectual when direction has set clear gettable ends and defined specific answerability criterions. The success of employee authorization relies on the ability of direction to supply resources such as clip and money ; to supply support by manner of legitimacy ; and to supply relevant and factual information so employees can do educated determinations. Training employees to take duty and do sound determinations that are supported by upper direction every bit good as lower degree directors are other countries that are of import to the success of empowerment plans.